### Vulnerability Overview **Vulnerability Name**: Error-Based SQL Injection **Affected Version**: Pizza E-commerce System 1.0 **Vulnerability Type**: SQL Injection (Error-Based) **Severity**: High **Status**: Unpatched **Vulnerability Description**: An error-based SQL injection vulnerability was identified in the `delete cart` functionality of the Pizza Ecommerce system. This vulnerability occurs when the `id` parameter is not properly sanitized, allowing attackers to inject malicious SQL commands into backend database queries. **Attack Techniques**: - Utilize the `extractvalue()` function to force the database to return sensitive data. - Extract database names, table names, and column structures. - Retrieve usernames and password hashes. - Delete or manipulate sensitive records. - Elevate privileges by extracting session data. ### Impact Scope | Impact | Description | |-----------------|--------------------------------------------------| | Confidentiality | Full database schema and user credentials exposed | | Integrity | Unauthorized deletion or modification of records | | Availability | Service disruption due to large-scale deletion | | Privilege Escalation | Session hijacking and administrative access | ### Remediation **Fixed Code**: ```php public function delete_cart() { if(!isset($_SESSION['login_user_id'])) return "0"; $id = (int)$_POST['id']; // CAST TO INTEGER $this->conn->query("DELETE FROM cart WHERE id = $id"); return "1"; } ``` **Mitigation Recommendations**: 1. **Use Prepared Statements**: Employ parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection. 2. **Input Validation**: Validate and sanitize the `id` parameter, accepting only expected values (e.g., numeric IDs). 3. **Database Permissions**: Restrict database user privileges to minimize the potential damage of SQL injection. 4. **Monitoring and Logging**: Track and alert on anomalous patterns, such as slow queries or repeated access attempts. 5. **Security Testing**: Conduct regular penetration testing and code reviews to identify and mitigate vulnerabilities. 6. **Error Handling**: Avoid exposing database-related errors in responses, as this may assist attackers. ### References - **CWE-89**: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection') - **OWASP SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet**