CWE-425 (直接请求(强制性浏览)) — Vulnerability Class 98

CWE-425, Direct Request or 'Forced Browsing,' is a critical access control weakness where applications fail to enforce proper authorization on restricted resources. Attackers typically exploit this vulnerability by manually guessing or enumerating valid Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) to access sensitive files, scripts, or administrative interfaces that should remain hidden from unauthorized users. This often occurs when developers rely solely on client-side restrictions or assume that obscure file paths provide sufficient security. To prevent forced browsing, developers must implement robust server-side access controls that validate user permissions for every request, regardless of the resource’s visibility or naming convention. Additionally, employing comprehensive logging and monitoring helps detect enumeration attempts, while strict adherence to the principle of least privilege ensures that users only access data necessary for their specific roles, effectively neutralizing the threat of unauthorized direct requests.