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CWE-78 (OS命令中使用的特殊元素转义处理不恰当(OS命令注入)) — Vulnerability Class 4031

4031 vulnerabilities classified as CWE-78 (OS命令中使用的特殊元素转义处理不恰当(OS命令注入)). AI Chinese analysis included.

CWE-78 represents a critical input validation weakness where software constructs operating system commands using untrusted external data without proper sanitization. Attackers typically exploit this by injecting malicious shell metacharacters, such as semicolons or pipes, into user-supplied fields like form inputs or URL parameters. This manipulation allows the attacker to alter the intended command structure, enabling arbitrary code execution, data exfiltration, or complete system compromise. To mitigate this risk, developers must strictly avoid passing user input directly to OS command interpreters. Instead, they should utilize safe, language-specific APIs that do not invoke the shell, or implement rigorous input validation and parameterization techniques. By treating all external data as inherently untrusted and applying strict allow-list filtering, organizations can effectively neutralize special elements and prevent command injection vulnerabilities.

MITRE CWE Description
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component. This weakness can lead to a vulnerability in environments in which the attacker does not have direct access to the operating system, such as in web applications. Alternately, if the weakness occurs in a privileged program, it could allow the attacker to specify commands that normally would not be accessible, or to call alternate commands with privileges that the attacker does not have. The problem is exacerbated if the compromised process does not follow the principle of least privilege, because the attacker-controlled commands may run with special system privileges that increases the amount of damage. There are at least two subtypes of OS command injection: The application intends to execute a single, fixed program that is under its own control. It intends to use externally-supplied inputs as arguments to that program. For example, the program might use system("nslookup [HOSTNAME]") to run nslookup and allow the user to supply a HOSTNAME, which is used as an argument. Attackers cannot prevent nslookup from executing. However, if the program does not remove command separators from the HOSTNAME argument, attackers could place the separators into the arguments, which allows them to execute their own program afte…
Common Consequences (1)
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Non-Repudiation Execute Unauthorized Code or Commands, DoS: Crash, Exit, or Restart, Read Files or Directories, Modify Files or Directories, Read Application Data, Modify Application Data, Hide Activities
Attackers could execute unauthorized operating system commands, which could then be used to disable the product, or read and modify data for which the attacker does not have permissions to access directly. Since the targeted application is directly executing the commands instead of the attacker, any…
Mitigations (5)
Architecture and Design If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Architecture and Design, Operation Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software. OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For ex…
Effectiveness: Limited
Architecture and Design For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.
Architecture and Design For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Architecture and Design Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid. For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
Examples (2)
This example code intends to take the name of a user and list the contents of that user's home directory. It is subject to the first variant of OS command injection.
$userName = $_POST["user"]; $command = 'ls -l /home/' . $userName; system($command);
Bad · PHP
;rm -rf /
Attack
The following simple program accepts a filename as a command line argument and displays the contents of the file back to the user. The program is installed setuid root because it is intended for use as a learning tool to allow system administrators in-training to inspect privileged system files without giving them the ability to modify them or damage the system.
int main(int argc, char** argv) { char cmd[CMD_MAX] = "/usr/bin/cat "; strcat(cmd, argv[1]); system(cmd); }
Bad · C
CVE ID Title CVSS Severity Published
CVE-2024-8280 Lenovo XClarity Controller 安全漏洞 — HX5530 Appliance (ThinkAgile) XCC 7.2 High 2024-09-13
CVE-2024-8279 Lenovo XClarity Controller 安全漏洞 — HX5530 Appliance (ThinkAgile) XCC 7.2 High 2024-09-13
CVE-2024-8278 Lenovo XClarity Controller 安全漏洞 — HX5530 Appliance (ThinkAgile) XCC 7.2 High 2024-09-13
CVE-2024-20483 Cisco IOS XR PON Controller Command Injection Vulnerabilities — Cisco IOS XR Software 7.2 High 2024-09-11
CVE-2024-20398 Cisco IOS XR Software Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability — Cisco IOS XR Software 8.8 High 2024-09-11
CVE-2024-8686 PAN-OS: Command Injection Vulnerability — PAN-OS 7.2AI High AI 2024-09-11
CVE-2024-6091 Shell Command Denylist Bypass in significant-gravitas/autogpt — significant-gravitas/autogpt 9.8AI Critical AI 2024-09-11
CVE-2024-8190 Ivanti Cloud Services Appliance 安全漏洞 — CSA (Cloud Services Appliance) 7.2 High 2024-09-10
CVE-2024-8504 VICIdial Authenticated Remote Code Execution — VICIdial 8.8AI High AI 2024-09-10
CVE-2024-43387 Phoenix Contact: Access files due to improper neutralization of special elements in MGUARD devices — FL MGUARD 2102 8.8 High 2024-09-10
CVE-2024-43386 Phoenix Contact: OS command execution through EMAIL_NOTIFICATION.TO in mGuard devices. — FL MGUARD 2102 8.8 High 2024-09-10
CVE-2024-43385 Phoenix Contact: OS command execution through PROXY_HTTP_PORT in mGuard devices — FL MGUARD 2102 8.8 High 2024-09-10
CVE-2024-7699 Phoenix Contact: OS command execution in MGUARD products — FL MGUARD 2102 8.8 High 2024-09-10
CVE-2024-6342 Zyxel NAS542和NAS326 操作系统命令注入漏洞 — NAS326 firmware 9.8 Critical 2024-09-10
CVE-2024-8574 TOTOLINK AC1200 T8 cstecgi.cgi setParentalRules os command injection — AC1200 T8 6.3 Medium 2024-09-08
CVE-2024-21906 QTS, QuTS hero — QTS 4.7 Medium 2024-09-06
CVE-2023-34979 QTS, QuTS hero — QTS 6.6 Medium 2024-09-06
CVE-2023-34974 QTS, QuTS hero, QuTScloud, QVR, QES — QTS 8.8 High 2024-09-06
CVE-2023-39300 QTS — QTS 7.2 High 2024-09-06
CVE-2024-21898 QTS, QuTS hero — QTS 8.8 High 2024-09-06
CVE-2024-7591 Improper Input Validation vulnerability in Progress LoadMaster allows OS Command Injection — LoadMaster 10.0 Critical 2024-09-05
CVE-2024-20469 Cisco Identity Services Engine Command Injection Vulnerability — Cisco Identity Services Engine Software 6.0 Medium 2024-09-04
CVE-2024-43405 Nuclei Template Signature Verification Bypass — nuclei 7.4 High 2024-09-04
CVE-2024-43402 Rust OS Command Injection/Argument Injection vulnerability — rust 8.2 High 2024-09-04
CVE-2024-7261 Zyxel多款产品 操作系统命令注入漏洞 — NWA1123ACv3 firmware 9.8 Critical 2024-09-03
CVE-2024-42060 Zyxel多款产品 操作系统命令注入漏洞 — ATP series firmware 7.2 High 2024-09-03
CVE-2024-42059 Zyxel多款产品 安全漏洞 — ATP series firmware 7.2 High 2024-09-03
CVE-2024-42057 Zyxel多款产品 操作系统命令注入漏洞 — ATP series firmware 8.1 High 2024-09-03
CVE-2024-7203 Zyxel ATP series firmware和Zyxel USG FLEX series firmware 操作系统命令注入漏洞 — ATP series firmware 7.2 High 2024-09-03
CVE-2024-8234 Zyxel NWA1100-N 操作系统命令注入漏洞 — NWA1100-N firmware 7.5 High 2024-08-30

Vulnerabilities classified as CWE-78 (OS命令中使用的特殊元素转义处理不恰当(OS命令注入)) represent 4031 CVEs. The CWE taxonomy describes the weakness; review individual CVEs for product-specific impact.