CVE-2026-104437— Zebra before 4.4.0 Consensus Split via SIGHASH_SINGLE Missing-Output Handling
Quick assessment
Affected
ZcashFoundation zebra
Exploitation
No confirmed in-the-wild exploitation; assess based on exposure
Recommended action
Check the vendor advisory and references for a fixed version. If immediate upgrade is impossible, restrict exposure and increase monitoring.
Zebra 在 4.4.0 版本之前存在一个共识分歧漏洞，该漏洞出现在 V5 透明签名验证中。在处理缺少对应输出的 SIGHASH_SINGLE 输入时，系统会计算 ZIP-244 摘要，而不是像预期那样失败。攻击者可以构造输出数少于输入数的 V5 交易，Zebra 会接受这些交易，并通过 getblocktemplate 模板机制生成区块，但这些区块会被 zcashd 拒绝。
Possible ATT&CK Techniques 1 AI
T1565.001 · Stored Data ManipulationAffected Version Matrix 2
| Vendor | Product | Version Range | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZcashFoundation | zebra | < 4.4.0 |
affected |
4.4.0 |
unaffected |
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I. Basic Information for CVE-2026-104437
Vulnerability Information
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Vulnerability Title
Zebra before 4.4.0 Consensus Split via SIGHASH_SINGLE Missing-Output Handling
Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5
Vulnerability Description
Zebra before 4.4.0 contains a consensus divergence vulnerability in V5 transparent signature verification, computing a ZIP-244 digest for SIGHASH_SINGLE inputs lacking corresponding outputs instead of failing. Attackers can craft V5 transactions with fewer outputs than inputs that Zebra accepts and templates via getblocktemplate, producing blocks zcashd rejects.
Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5
CVSS Information
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H
Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5
Vulnerability Type
密码学签名的验证不恰当
Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5
Affected Products
| Vendor | Product | Affected Versions | CPE | Subscribe |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZcashFoundation | zebra | 0 ~ 4.4.0 | - |
|
II. Public POCs for CVE-2026-104437
| # | POC Description | Source Link | Shenlong Link |
|---|
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Vendor Advisories for CVE-2026-104437 (2)
Same Patch Batch · ZcashFoundation · 2026-10-02 · 18 CVEs total
| CVE-2026-104423 | 7.5 HIGH | Zebra before 6.2.1 Denial of Service via Uncapped V6 Shielded Proof Verification |
| CVE-2026-104430 | 7.5 HIGH | Zebra 4.5.0 Consensus Split via P2SH Sigop Overcount |
| CVE-2026-104431 | 7.5 HIGH | Zebra before 6.0.0 Denial of Service via Synchronous Script FFI Verification |
| CVE-2026-104422 | 7.5 HIGH | Zebra before 6.3.0 Block Sync Denial of Service via Coinbase scriptSig Rewrite |
| CVE-2026-104435 | 7.4 HIGH | Zebra 4.4.0 Consensus Divergence via V5 SIGHASH_SINGLE Without Output |
| CVE-2026-104434 | 6.5 MEDIUM | Zebra before 8.0.0 Denial of Service via z_listunifiedreceivers RPC |
| CVE-2026-104426 | 5.9 MEDIUM | Zebra before 6.1.0 Quadratic Complexity DoS via Block Transparent Value Check |
| CVE-2026-104427 | 5.9 MEDIUM | Zebra before 6.1.0 Chain Stall via Stale parent_error_map Entry |
| CVE-2026-104432 | 5.3 MEDIUM | Zebra before 6.3.0 False Readiness via Discarded One-Hash FindBlocks Response |
| CVE-2026-104425 | 5.3 MEDIUM | Zebra before 6.1.0 Batch-Verification Poisoning DoS via Unattributed Pushed Transactions |
| CVE-2026-104428 | 5.3 MEDIUM | Zebra before 11.0.0 Denial of Service via getblock Verbosity 2 |
| CVE-2026-104420 | 5.3 MEDIUM | Zebra before 6.3.0 Peer Misbehavior Ban Bypass via Gossiped Blocks |
| CVE-2026-104429 | 5.3 MEDIUM | Zebra before 6.0.0-rc.0 Per-Peer Mempool Admission Bypass via P2P tx Messages |
| CVE-2026-104421 | 5.3 MEDIUM | Zebra before 6.2.1 Block Download Denial of Service via KnownBlock SentHashes Lockout |
| CVE-2026-104419 | 4.8 MEDIUM | Zebra before 6.3.0 Honest Peer Banning via Far-Ahead FindBlocks Hashes |
| CVE-2026-104424 | 3.7 LOW | Zebra before 6.1.0 Incorrect Block Size Calculation in getblocktemplate |
| CVE-2026-104436 | 3.7 LOW | Zebra before 4.5.0 CPU Amplification via Uncapped getblocks/getheaders Locator Length |
IV. Related Vulnerabilities
Same product: zebra
-
CVE-2026-104436
Zebra before 4.5.0 CPU Amplification via Uncapped getblocks/ -
CVE-2026-104434
Zebra before 8.0.0 Denial of Service via z_listunifiedreceiv -
CVE-2026-104435
Zebra 4.4.0 Consensus Divergence via V5 SIGHASH_SINGLE Witho -
CVE-2026-104432
Zebra before 6.3.0 False Readiness via Discarded One-Hash Fi -
CVE-2026-104431
Zebra before 6.0.0 Denial of Service via Synchronous Script
Same vendor: ZcashFoundation
-
CVE-2026-104436
Zebra before 4.5.0 CPU Amplification via Uncapped getblocks/ -
CVE-2026-104434
Zebra before 8.0.0 Denial of Service via z_listunifiedreceiv -
CVE-2026-104435
Zebra 4.4.0 Consensus Divergence via V5 SIGHASH_SINGLE Witho -
CVE-2026-104431
Zebra before 6.0.0 Denial of Service via Synchronous Script -
CVE-2026-104432
Zebra before 6.3.0 False Readiness via Discarded One-Hash Fi
Same weakness: CWE-347
-
CVE-2026-104435
Zebra 4.4.0 Consensus Divergence via V5 SIGHASH_SINGLE Witho -
CVE-2026-86326
协议网关固件签名验证绕过漏洞 -
CVE-2026-63571
Attribute certificate path validation does not verify the at -
CVE-2026-18397
SConnect: Native Host Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution -
CVE-2026-94212
Apache APISIX: unauthenticated impersonation issue in saml-a
V. Comments for CVE-2026-104437
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