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CVE-2026-116786— FreeSWITCH: Channel-variable injection via SIP REFER leads to command execution in mod_sofia

Quick assessment

Affected

signalwire freeswitch

Exploitation

No confirmed in-the-wild exploitation; assess based on exposure

Recommended action

Check the vendor advisory and references for a fixed version. If immediate upgrade is impossible, restrict exposure and increase monitoring.

FreeSWITCH 是一个软件定义的电信栈，旨在推动电信系统从专有交换机向可在任何通用硬件上运行的软件实现转型。在 1.11.2 版本之前，函数会将原始的 Refer-To URI 参数和信头直接放入一个传递给的通道变量块中。由于 originate 解析器将攻击者可控值中的逗号视为变量分隔符，这使得在已建立桥接通话的已认证主叫方能够向新发起的通话腿注入任意变量。若注入的变量包含值，则可在通话振铃阶段（即接听前）触发系统拨号计划应用，并以 FreeSWITCH 进程的系统权限执行操作系统命令。SIP RE

CVSS 8.8 · High Updated Nov 06, 2026

Possible ATT&CK Techniques 3 AI

T1210 · Exploitation of Remote Services T1059 · Command and Scripting Interpreter T1190 · Exploit Public-Facing Application

Affected Version Matrix 1

Vendor	Product	Version Range	Status
signalwire	freeswitch	`< 1.11.2`	affected

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Vulnerability Information

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Vulnerability Title

FreeSWITCH: Channel-variable injection via SIP REFER leads to command execution in mod_sofia

Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5

Vulnerability Description

FreeSWITCH is a Software Defined Telecom Stack enabling the digital transformation from proprietary telecom switches to a software implementation that runs on any commodity hardware. Prior to 1.11.2, sofia_handle_sip_i_refer() placed raw Refer-To URI parameters and headers inside a sip_invite_params channel-variable block passed to switch_ivr_originate(). The originate parser treated a comma in the attacker-controlled value as a variable separator, allowing an authenticated caller on a bridged call to inject arbitrary variables into a newly originated leg. An injected execute_on_originate value could invoke the system dialplan application before answer and execute operating-system commands with the FreeSWITCH process privileges. SIP REFER is enabled by default, and the sender needs only a registered account and a call that takes the off-box transfer path, not administrative or Event Socket access. This issue is fixed in version 1.11.2.

Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5

CVSS Information

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5

Vulnerability Type

在命令中使用的特殊元素转义处理不恰当(命令注入)

Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5

Affected Products

Vendor	Product	Affected Versions	CPE	Subscribe
signalwire	freeswitch	< 1.11.2	-

II. Public POCs for CVE-2026-116786

#	POC Description	Source Link	Shenlong Link

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III. Intelligence Information for CVE-2026-116786

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Other References for CVE-2026-116786 (3)

https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/releases/tag/v1.11.2 x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/security/advisories/GHSA-xjxm-9qx6-w3fj x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/commit/fbac12b451a146fdac5104d25d337145be989e84 x_refsource_MISC

https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-116786

Same Patch Batch · signalwire · 2026-11-05 · 21 CVEs total

CVE-2026-116779	9.8 CRITICAL	FreeSWITCH: Inbound SIP MESSAGE can select the api chat proto and run FreeSWITCH API comma
CVE-2026-116790	9.1 CRITICAL	FreeSWITCH: Inbound ICE connectivity checks are accepted without verifying STUN MESSAGE-IN
CVE-2026-116785	9.1 CRITICAL	FreeSWITCH: Pre-authentication heap out-of-bounds write in mod_xml_rpc WebSocket frame len
CVE-2026-116783	8.2 HIGH	FreeSWITCH mod_spandsp: out-of-bounds write parsing UDPTL error-recovery data
CVE-2026-116788	8.2 HIGH	FreeSWITCH: Pre-authentication heap buffer overflow in core XML empty-entity decoding
CVE-2026-116787	7.5 HIGH	FreeSWITCH: Pre-authentication process termination in the Event Socket via an unbounded Co
CVE-2026-116782	7.5 HIGH	FreeSWITCH: Pre-authentication invalid pointer dereference in mod_rtmp connect command han
CVE-2026-116784	7.5 HIGH	FreeSWITCH: Out-of-bounds read in RTCP NACK feedback parsing
CVE-2026-115928	7.5 HIGH	FreeSWITCH: Stack buffer overflow parsing the SDP a=crypto key material on inbound calls
CVE-2026-116570	7.5 HIGH	FreeSWITCH: Pre-authentication stack buffer overflow in mod_xml_rpc HTTP directory authent
CVE-2026-116567	7.5 HIGH	FreeSWITCH: Pre-authentication stack buffer overflow in mod_rtmp control-message handling
CVE-2026-116568	7.5 HIGH	FreeSWITCH: Out-of-bounds read in mod_rtmp H.264 video message parsing
CVE-2026-116569	7.5 HIGH	FreeSWITCH: Pre-authentication out-of-bounds write in MSRP message body parsing
CVE-2026-116789	7.4 HIGH	FreeSWITCH: DTLS-SRTP peer certificate is not bound to the SDP fingerprint when FreeSWITCH
CVE-2026-116573	6.5 MEDIUM	FreeSWITCH mod_sofia: stack buffer overflow from an over-long SIP To-header user
CVE-2026-116572	6.5 MEDIUM	FreeSWITCH mod_sofia: stack buffer overflow from an over-long SIP Contact display-name
CVE-2026-116571	5.9 MEDIUM	FreeSWITCH: Stack buffer overflow in mod_rtmp AVC sequence-header construction
CVE-2026-116574	5.9 MEDIUM	FreeSWITCH: Off-by-one heap write in core XML serialization of four-byte UTF-8 sequences
CVE-2026-116781	5.3 MEDIUM	FreeSWITCH: Pre-authentication out-of-bounds writes in mod_xml_rpc WebSocket frame parsing
CVE-2026-116780	2.7 LOW	FreeSWITCH: Heap out-of-bounds read in FreeSWITCH core variable expansion via `${variable:

IV. Related Vulnerabilities

Same product: freeswitch

Same vendor: signalwire

Same weakness: CWE-77