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CVE-2026-40494— SAIL has heap buffer overflow in TGA RLE decoder — raw packet path missing bounds check

Quick assessment

Affected
HappySeaFox sail
Exploitation
No confirmed in-the-wild exploitation; assess based on exposure
Recommended action
Check the vendor advisory and references for a fixed version. If immediate upgrade is impossible, restrict exposure and increase monitoring.

SAIL是SAIL开源的一款图像解码库。 SAIL存在安全漏洞，该漏洞源于TGA编解码器的RLE解码器存在不对称边界检查，可能导致堆缓冲区溢出。

CVSS 9.8 · Critical EPSS 0.31% · P24

Possible ATT&CK Techniques 1 AI

T1190 · Exploit Public-Facing Application
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I. Basic Information for CVE-2026-40494

Vulnerability Information
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Vulnerability Title
SAIL has heap buffer overflow in TGA RLE decoder — raw packet path missing bounds check
Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5
Vulnerability Description
SAIL is a cross-platform library for loading and saving images with support for animation, metadata, and ICC profiles. Prior to commit 45d48d1f2e8e0d73e80bc1fd5310cb57f4547302, the TGA codec's RLE decoder in `tga.c` has an asymmetric bounds check vulnerability. The run-packet path (line 297) correctly clamps the repeat count to the remaining buffer space, but the raw-packet path (line 305-311) has no equivalent bounds check. This allows writing up to 496 bytes of attacker-controlled data past the end of a heap buffer. Commit 45d48d1f2e8e0d73e80bc1fd5310cb57f4547302 patches the issue.
Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5
CVSS Information
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5
Vulnerability Type
跨界内存写
Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5
Vulnerability Title
SAIL 安全漏洞
Source: CNNVD (China National Vulnerability Database)
Vulnerability Description
SAIL是SAIL开源的一款图像解码库。 SAIL存在安全漏洞，该漏洞源于TGA编解码器的RLE解码器存在不对称边界检查，可能导致堆缓冲区溢出。
Source: CNNVD (China National Vulnerability Database)
CVSS Information
N/A
Source: CNNVD (China National Vulnerability Database)
Vulnerability Type
N/A
Source: CNNVD (China National Vulnerability Database)

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Affected Products

Vendor Product Affected Versions CPE Subscribe
HappySeaFox sail < 45d48d1f2e8e0d73e80bc1fd5310cb57f4547302 -

II. Public POCs for CVE-2026-40494

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III. Intelligence Information for CVE-2026-40494

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Patches & Fixes for CVE-2026-40494 (1)

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2026-40494 (1)

Same Patch Batch · HappySeaFox · 2026-04-18 · 3 CVEs total

CVE-2026-40493 9.8 CRITICAL SAIL has heap buffer overflow in PSD decoder — bpp mismatch in LAB 16-bit mode
CVE-2026-40492 9.8 CRITICAL SAIL has heap buffer overflow in XWD decoder — bits_per_pixel vs pixmap_depth type confusi

IV. Related Vulnerabilities

Same product: sail
Same vendor: HappySeaFox
Same weakness: CWE-787

V. Comments for CVE-2026-40494

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