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CVE-2026-54891— Plaintext APPLICATION_DATA injected during TLS handshake delivered to client application post-handshake in ssl

Quick assessment

Affected
Erlang OTP
Exploitation
No confirmed in-the-wild exploitation; assess based on exposure
Recommended action
Check the vendor advisory and references for a fixed version. If immediate upgrade is impossible, restrict exposure and increase monitoring.

erlang erlang/otp是erlang社区开源的一套并发编程语言及运行时系统。 Erlang/OTP存在加密问题漏洞，该漏洞源于通信信道中的消息完整性执行不当（tls_gen_connection模块问题），可能导致网络攻击者注入未经认证的明文数据并被视为已认证的服务器数据，攻击者在握手期间向客户端发送明文APPLICATION_DATA记录，在握手完成后传递给应用，影响仅限于盲注未经认证的字节。以下版本受到影响：17.0版本至29.0.3之前版本、28.5.0.3版本和27.3.4.14版本。

CVSS 6.3 · Medium EPSS 0.19% · P8

Possible ATT&CK Techniques 1 AI

T1190 · Exploit Public-Facing Application

Affected Version Matrix 9

VendorProduct Version RangeStatus
Erlang OTP < 17.0 unknown
17.0< 27.3.4.14 affected
28.0< 28.5.0.3 affected
29.0< 29.0.3 affected
< 5.3.4 unknown
5.3.4< 11.2.12.10 affected
11.3< 11.6.0.3 affected
11.7< 11.7.3 affected
… +1 more rows
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I. Basic Information for CVE-2026-54891

Vulnerability Information
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Vulnerability Title
Plaintext APPLICATION_DATA injected during TLS handshake delivered to client application post-handshake in ssl
Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5
Vulnerability Description
Improper Enforcement of Message Integrity During Transmission in a Communication Channel vulnerability in Erlang/OTP ssl (tls_gen_connection module) allows a network-positioned attacker to inject unauthenticated plaintext that the TLS client application later treats as authenticated server data. The function tls_gen_connection:handle_protocol_record/3 rejects APPLICATION_DATA records that arrive in pre-handshake states when the TLS endpoint acts as a server, but does not apply the same check when the endpoint acts as a client. A network-positioned attacker can send plaintext APPLICATION_DATA records to the client during the handshake. The records are buffered and, once the handshake completes successfully, delivered to the application as if they were authenticated post-handshake data. The attacker cannot observe the client's response or steer the connection, so the impact is limited to blind injection of unauthenticated bytes. The injection window is wider for TLS versions prior to TLS 1.3 than for TLS 1.3. This vulnerability is associated with program file lib/ssl/src/tls_gen_connection.erl. TLS 1.3 is affected starting with OTP 22.0, when TLS 1.3 support was added. This issue affects OTP from OTP 17.0 before OTP 27.3.4.14, from OTP 28.0 before OTP 28.5.0.3, and from OTP 29.0 before OTP 29.0.3, corresponding to ssl from 5.3.4 before 11.2.12.10, from 11.3 before 11.6.0.3, and from 11.7 before 11.7.3. Whether OTP before OTP 17.0, corresponding to ssl before 5.3.4, is affected is unknown.
Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5
CVSS Information
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5
Vulnerability Type
通信信道中传输过程中消息完整性的不正确执行
Source: CVE Program / CVE List V5
Vulnerability Title
Erlang/OTP 加密问题漏洞
Source: CNNVD (China National Vulnerability Database)
Vulnerability Description
erlang erlang/otp是erlang社区开源的一套并发编程语言及运行时系统。 Erlang/OTP存在加密问题漏洞，该漏洞源于通信信道中的消息完整性执行不当（tls_gen_connection模块问题），可能导致网络攻击者注入未经认证的明文数据并被视为已认证的服务器数据，攻击者在握手期间向客户端发送明文APPLICATION_DATA记录，在握手完成后传递给应用，影响仅限于盲注未经认证的字节。以下版本受到影响：17.0版本至29.0.3之前版本、28.5.0.3版本和27.3.4.14版本。
Source: CNNVD (China National Vulnerability Database)
CVSS Information
N/A
Source: CNNVD (China National Vulnerability Database)
Vulnerability Type
N/A
Source: CNNVD (China National Vulnerability Database)

Affected Products

Vendor Product Affected Versions CPE Subscribe
Erlang OTP 17.0 ~ 27.3.4.14 cpe:2.3:a:erlang:erlang\/otp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Erlang OTP 5.3.4 ~ 11.2.12.10 cpe:2.3:a:erlang:erlang\/otp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Erlang OTP 84adefa331c4159d432d22840663c38f155cd4c1 ~ 07d2d0e93f6aaf7652a81e8df075fc1728da5e96 cpe:2.3:a:erlang:erlang\/otp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*

II. Public POCs for CVE-2026-54891

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III. Intelligence Information for CVE-2026-54891

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Patches & Fixes for CVE-2026-54891 (1)

Vendor Advisories for CVE-2026-54891 (3)

Same Patch Batch · Erlang · 2026-07-02 · 6 CVEs total

CVE-2026-55950 8.7 HIGH DTLS listener crash via race condition in dtls_packet_demux causes denial of service for a
CVE-2026-55952 8.2 HIGH TLS 1.3 server denial of service via malformed ClientHello pre-shared key extension
CVE-2026-54887 6.3 MEDIUM DTLS server cookie bypass during startup window due to empty initial cookie secret
CVE-2026-54886 5.3 MEDIUM SSH SFTP server denial of service via extended channel data infinite loop
CVE-2026-53422 2.3 LOW SFTP REALPATH path-existence oracle allowing filesystem enumeration outside configured roo

IV. Related Vulnerabilities

Same product: OTP
Same vendor: Erlang
Same weakness: CWE-924

V. Comments for CVE-2026-54891

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