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CWE-798 (使用硬编码的凭证) — Vulnerability Class 684

684 vulnerabilities classified as CWE-798 (使用硬编码的凭证). AI Chinese analysis included.

CWE-798 represents a critical security weakness where authentication mechanisms rely on static, embedded credentials rather than dynamic verification. This flaw typically manifests as default administrative accounts with simple, hard-coded passwords or cryptographic keys stored directly within the source code or configuration files. Attackers exploit this vulnerability by scanning for these predictable credentials, gaining immediate, unauthorized access to sensitive systems without needing to bypass complex security controls. To mitigate this risk, developers must eliminate static secrets entirely, implementing robust credential management solutions such as secure vaults, environment variables, or hardware security modules. Additionally, enforcing strong password policies, regular key rotation, and multi-factor authentication ensures that access rights are dynamic and secure, significantly reducing the attack surface against unauthorized entry.

MITRE CWE Description
The product contains hard-coded credentials, such as a password or cryptographic key. There are two main variations: Inbound: the product contains an authentication mechanism that checks the input credentials against a hard-coded set of credentials. In this variant, a default administration account is created, and a simple password is hard-coded into the product and associated with that account. This hard-coded password is the same for each installation of the product, and it usually cannot be changed or disabled by system administrators without manually modifying the program, or otherwise patching the product. It can also be difficult for the administrator to detect. Outbound: the product connects to another system or component, and it contains hard-coded credentials for connecting to that component. This variant applies to front-end systems that authenticate with a back-end service. The back-end service may require a fixed password that can be easily discovered. The programmer may simply hard-code those back-end credentials into the front-end product.
Common Consequences (2)
Access Control Bypass Protection Mechanism
If hard-coded passwords are used, it is almost certain that malicious users will gain access to the account in question. Any user of the product that hard-codes passwords may be able to extract the password. Client-side systems with hard-coded passwords pose even more of a threat, since the extracti…
Integrity, Confidentiality, Availability, Access Control, Other Read Application Data, Gain Privileges or Assume Identity, Execute Unauthorized Code or Commands, Other
This weakness can lead to the exposure of resources or functionality to unintended actors, possibly providing attackers with sensitive information or even execute arbitrary code. If the password is ever discovered or published (a common occurrence on the Internet), then anybody with knowledge of thi…
Mitigations (5)
Architecture and Design For outbound authentication: store passwords, keys, and other credentials outside of the code in a strongly-protected, encrypted configuration file or database that is protected from access by all outsiders, including other local users on the same system. Properly protect the key (CWE-320). If you cannot use encryption to protect the file, then make sure that the permissions are as restrictive as …
Architecture and Design For inbound authentication: Rather than hard-code a default username and password, key, or other authentication credentials for first time logins, utilize a "first login" mode that requires the user to enter a unique strong password or key.
Architecture and Design If the product must contain hard-coded credentials or they cannot be removed, perform access control checks and limit which entities can access the feature that requires the hard-coded credentials. For example, a feature might only be enabled through the system console instead of through a network connection.
Architecture and Design For inbound authentication using passwords: apply strong one-way hashes to passwords and store those hashes in a configuration file or database with appropriate access control. That way, theft of the file/database still requires the attacker to try to crack the password. When handling an incoming password during authentication, take the hash of the password and compare it to the saved hash. Use ra…
Architecture and Design For front-end to back-end connections: Three solutions are possible, although none are complete. The first suggestion involves the use of generated passwords or keys that are changed automatically and must be entered at given time intervals by a system administrator. These passwords will be held in memory and only be valid for the time intervals. Next, the passwords or keys should be limited at th…
Examples (2)
The following code uses a hard-coded password to connect to a database:
... DriverManager.getConnection(url, "scott", "tiger"); ...
Bad · Java
javap -c ConnMngr.class 22: ldc #36; //String jdbc:mysql://ixne.com/rxsql 24: ldc #38; //String scott 26: ldc #17; //String tiger
Attack
The following code is an example of an internal hard-coded password in the back-end:
int VerifyAdmin(char *password) { if (strcmp(password, "Mew!")) { printf("Incorrect Password!\n"); return(0) } printf("Entering Diagnostic Mode...\n"); return(1); }
Bad · C
int VerifyAdmin(String password) { if (!password.equals("Mew!")) { return(0) } //Diagnostic Mode return(1); }
Bad · Java
CVE ID Title CVSS Severity Published
CVE-2025-5751 WOLFBOX Level 2 EV Charger Management Card Hard-coded Credentials Authentication Bypass Vulnerability — Level 2 EV Charger 6.8AI Medium AI 2025-06-06
CVE-2025-3321 Use of Hard-coded Credentials in OnlineSuite — OnlineSuite 7.8AI High AI 2025-06-06
CVE-2025-5379 NuCom NC-WR744G Console Application hard-coded credentials — NC-WR744G 4.3 Medium 2025-05-31
CVE-2025-4633 Default Credentials — Airpointer 6.5 Medium 2025-05-30
CVE-2025-48491 Project AI API Key Exposure in Source Code — project-ai 7.5AI High AI 2025-05-30
CVE-2025-46352 Consilium Safety CS5000 Fire Panel Use of Hard-coded Credentials — CS5000 Fire Panel 9.8 Critical 2025-05-29
CVE-2025-36572 Dell PowerStore 信任管理问题漏洞 — PowerStore 6.5 Medium 2025-05-28
CVE-2025-41380 Injection vulnerability in Iridium Certus 700 — Iridium Certus 700 5.5AI Medium AI 2025-05-23
CVE-2025-2394 Disclosure of Alibaba (OSS) Keys In Ecovacs Home Android and iOS Mobile Applications — Ecovacs Mobile and Android Application 6.5AI Medium AI 2025-05-23
CVE-2025-48414 Hard-coded web interface credentials in eCharge Hardy Barth cPH2 / cPP2 charging stations — cPH2 / cPP2 charging stations 9.8 - 2025-05-21
CVE-2025-48413 Hard-coded OS root credentials in eCharge Hardy Barth cPH2 / cPP2 charging stations — cPH2 / cPP2 charging stations 9.8AI Critical AI 2025-05-21
CVE-2025-27488 Microsoft Windows Hardware Lab Kit (HLK) Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability — Windows 10 HLK version 20H2 6.7 Medium 2025-05-13
CVE-2025-47730 TeleMessage archiving backend 安全漏洞 — archiving backend 4.8 Medium 2025-05-08
CVE-2025-20188 Cisco IOS XE 信任管理问题漏洞 — Cisco IOS XE Software 10.0 Critical 2025-05-07
CVE-2025-4041 Use of Hard-coded Credentials Optigo Networks ONS NC600 — ONS NC600 9.8AI Critical AI 2025-05-06
CVE-2025-23179 Ribbon Communications - CWE-798: Use of Hard-coded Credentials — Apollo 9608 5.5 Medium 2025-04-29
CVE-2025-46617 Quantum StorNext Web GUI API 信任管理问题漏洞 — StorNext 7.2 High 2025-04-25
CVE-2025-46274 Planet Technology Network Products Use of Hard-coded Credentials — UNI-NMS-Lite 9.8 Critical 2025-04-24
CVE-2025-46273 Planet Technology Network Products Use of Hard-coded Credentials — UNI-NMS-Lite 9.8 Critical 2025-04-24
CVE-2025-2765 CarlinKit CPC200-CCPA Wireless Hotspot Hard-Coded Credentials Authentication Bypass Vulnerability — CPC200-CCPA 8.8 - 2025-04-23
CVE-2024-41794 Siemens SENTRON 7KT PAC1260 Data Manager 信任管理问题漏洞 — SENTRON 7KT PAC1260 Data Manager 10.0 Critical 2025-04-08
CVE-2025-3426 Use of default hardcoded credentials — IntelliSpace Portal 9.8AI Critical AI 2025-04-07
CVE-2025-2538 BUG-000174336 — Portal for ArcGIS 9.8 Critical 2025-03-20
CVE-2025-2556 Audi UTR Dashcam Video Stream hard-coded credentials — UTR Dashcam 4.3 Medium 2025-03-20
CVE-2019-17659 Fortinet FortiSIEM 安全漏洞 — FortiSIEM 3.6 Low 2025-03-17
CVE-2025-1724 Account Takeover — Analytics Plus 7.4 High 2025-03-17
CVE-2025-2343 IROAD Dash Cam X5/Dash Cam X6 Device Pairing hard-coded credentials — Dash Cam X5 7.5 High 2025-03-16
CVE-2025-2342 IROAD X5 Mobile App API Endpoint hard-coded credentials — X5 Mobile App 5.3 Medium 2025-03-16
CVE-2025-2322 274056675 springboot-openai-chatgpt OpenController.java hard-coded credentials — springboot-openai-chatgpt 7.3 High 2025-03-15
CVE-2025-27255 GE Vernova EnerVista UR 信任管理问题漏洞 — EnerVista UR Setup 8.0 High 2025-03-10

Vulnerabilities classified as CWE-798 (使用硬编码的凭证) represent 684 CVEs. The CWE taxonomy describes the weakness; review individual CVEs for product-specific impact.